Тема: «The methods of teaching of grammar in the Higher School » (ID:27291)

the Introduction 3
1. the Lexicology as a subject of teaching 4
2. the Experimental teaching of discipline the lexicology of English language by modular-rating system 6
the Conclusion 12
the Literature 13

Contents:
1. Nation, state, nation-state.
2. National political systems in comparison.
3. Modern classifying systems in comparison.
4. methods and approaches of nation-states comparison.

INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter I. ADEQUACY OF TRANSLATION 4
1.1. TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE 4
1.2. ASPECTS OF TRANSLATING PROCESS 10
Chapter II. TRANSLATION TRANSFORMATIONS 18
2.1. TRANSLATION TRANSFORMATIONS AT MORPHOLOGICAL LEVEL 18
2.2. grammar TRANSFORMATIONS AT SYNTACTIC LEVEL 21
Conclusions 26
Literature 28

Содержание
ВВЕДЕНИЕ 3
1. ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ СИСТЕМЫ АНГЛИЙСКИХ СЛОВАРЕЙ 6
1.2 СЛОВАРИ ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОГО МИНИМУМА 7
1.2 АНГЛИЙСКИЕ СЛОВАРИ ОБЩЕУПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ 11
2. ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА АНГЛИЙСКИХ СЛОВАРЕЙ 13
2.1 ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА COLLINS NEW School DICTIONARY 13
2.2 ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА COLLINS CONCISE DICTIONARY. UPDATED FROM the BANK OF ENGLISH 16
2.3 ОСОБЕННОСТИ СОСТАВЛЕНИЯ COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY & theSAURUS 20
2.4 СТРУКТУРА И ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА "КАРМАННЫХ" СЛОВАРЕЙ 23
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ 34
СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 35
ВЕДУЩИЕ ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВА ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ, ПУБЛИКУЮЩИЕ СЛОВАРИ: 37

INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter I. ADEQUACY OF TRANSLATION 4
1.1. TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE 4
1.2. ASPECTS OF TRANSLATING PROCESS 10
Chapter II. TRANSLATION TRANSFORMATIONS 18
2.1. TRANSLATION TRANSFORMATIONS AT MORPHOLOGICAL LEVEL 18
2.2. grammar TRANSFORMATIONS AT SYNTACTIC LEVEL 21
Conclusions 26
Literature 28

Введение 3
Глава 1 Адекватность перевода 4
1.1. Эквивалентность перевода 4
1.2. Аспекты переводческого процеса 11
Глава 2. Трансформации при переводе. 20
2.1. Преобразования при переводе на морфологическом уровне. 20
2.2 Грамматические преобразования на синтаксическом уровне. 23
Вывод 28
Список использованной литературы 30

Exercise 3. Complete the given paragraph about yourself. Speak about your biography.
MY BIOGRAPHY
My name is _____. I was born in ______ in the town of ______ in a family of _______ (workers, farmers, office workers).
My family is (not) large. It consists of _____ people. I have a mother, a father, a sister, …
My mother’s (father’s, sister’s, brother’s) name is _____. She/he is ____ years old. She/he works at a plant (factory, office). She/he is a _____ by profession.
We live in a private house (modern high-rise / many-storied building). Our house / flat has ____ rooms: a dining-room/ sitting-room/ living-room/ bedroom/ nursery; and there is also a kitchen, a bathroom, a large corridor and a good balcony. there are all modern conveniences in our flat: gas, running cold and hot water and central heating. Our house/ flat is not very large but comfortable.
In 19 __ I entered secondary School which I finished in 19__. (then I worked as a worker at a big plant and served in the ranks of the army/ studied at technical School).
In ____ I successfully passed my entrance exams to the National University of Food Technologies which is in 68, Volodymirska Street and now I am a first-year student of the extra-mural faculty. I major in ______.
I am interested in art, literature and music. I often visit museums, theatres, cinemas and exhibitions. I am also fond of sports, tennis and football especially.
Upon graduating from the University I will work as an engineer/ production manager/ technologist/ process(ing) engineer at some enterprise of food industry.


Module 2
MY NATIVE TOWN
Study the vocabulary
native/ home town рідне місто
ancient стародавній
anniversary річниця
places of interest визначні місця
castle замок
residental area житловий масив
enterprise підприємство
works завод, майстерні
spacious просторий
mill фабрика
twin-town місто-побратим
settlement селище
puppet theatre ляльковий театр
kindergarten дитячий садочок

Exercise 1. Read and translate the following text.
My native town is Grodno. It’s an ancient town. Not long ago it celebrated its 850th anniversary.
the town of Grodno is situated on the river Neman. the river divides it into two parts. the older part of the town lies on the right bank of the Neman. Here you can see the old castle where kings once lived. Now it is a historic-archaeological museum. On the banks of the Neman one can also see modern apartment houses, offices and different architectural monuments. Among them there is a 17th century Roman Catholic church.
Grodno is a fast-growing town. It’s a regional centre with the population of over 250,000 people. there are some big plants here and some smaller factories. the largest enterprises are: the “Azot” Works, the Footwear Factory, the Synthetic Fibre Mill, the Fine Cloth Mill, etc. there are several residential areas in our town. Every district has Schools, kindergartens, shops, everyday services. the people of Grodno are very fond of their Zoo, the only Zoo in Belarus. Here you can see animals from all geographical regions of the world.
Grodno is a big cultural centre. there are three institutions of Higher education, many Schools, technical colleges, some cinemas, drama and puppet theatres.
there are also many public gardens and parks there. the newly built streets are wide and specious, lined with trees and flowers. the streets of the old part of the town are not very wide, but they are clean and green.
One of the main streets in Grodno is Ozheshko Street. Here one can see a small old house. It is the house where Eliza Ozheshko, a famous democratic writer, lived and worked. Now it is a museum and a memorial library of foreign literature. Not far from it there is a monument to Eliza Ozheshko.
It is interesting to know that Grodno has a twin-town in France. It’s Limoges, an industrial centre with the population of about 200,000 people.

Exercise 1. Read and translate the following text.
National University of Food Technologies
there are 111 Higher educational establishments in Kyiv and among them is the National University of Food Technologies which is in 68 Volodymyrska Street. It was founded in 1930 as the Kyiv Institute of Sugar Refinery Production and had 2 departments with 400 students. Now NUFT is the only technical university in Ukraine which provides training of highly skilled specialists in 25 specialities and 15 specializations for food, meat, dairy, pharmaceutical, microbiological and other branches of agro-industrial complex as well as for food machine building of Ukraine. About 10 thousand students study at the University at its full time departments as well as by correspondence.
NUFT is a Higher educational institution of the 4th level of accreditation. Training of students is provided at 8 departments (37 chairs). In 1998 Simpheropol Technical School of food production was incorporated to the University with a college status. the University chairs have 24 branches and 8 research and production complexes in leading enterprises, planning and research establishments. 3 research and production centres have been recently founded. Preliminary department and short-time preliminary courses of the University train entrants for Higher educational institutions.
the NUFT occupies 9 buildings where there are many lecture-halls, classrooms, laboratories and workshops, six computer centres with more than 30 computer classes.
there is a special building for the library and reading-halls where our students usually prepare their homework and read up for their credits and exams.
the students of the University are provided with 5 hostels, sports and recreation facilities.
Our University trains specialists for various branches of food industry such as bread making, brewing, meat and dairy processing, sugar refining as well as engineers in thermal-engineering, mechanical engineers and economists at the departments of
- technology of sugary substances,
- technology of fermentative and bakery production,
- technology of meat and dairy production,
- economics and management,
- accounting, finance and entrepreneurial activity,
- power engineering,
- automation and computer systems,
- mechanical department.
Each department has its own Dean's office.
During junior years our students study basic subjects such as history, mathematics, physics, chemistry, descriptive geometry, technical drawing, strength of materials, elements of machines and one of the foreign languages.
During senior years our students pay more attention to the study of the subjects closely connected with their future specialities.
the study of theory is accompanied by practical training at specially equipped labs and workshops, then in experimental sugar refinery and later on at various enterprises of food industry.
Twice a year our students take their credits and exams.
Our students do not only study, they take the most active part in doing research in the students' scientific society; they participate in social life of our University; they go in for various kinds of sport and take part in amateur art activities.
the fourth year is devoted to practical training and to the work at the graduation thesis. After successful presenting a graduation thesis or sitting for the State exams students receive diplomas which qualify them to work in the field for which they have been trained and are awarded a Bachelor's Degree. Those students, who want to get a Specialists or Master's Degree, continue their studies during the fifth and sixth years.
Upon graduating from our University they get appointments in every corner of our country. Wherever they work, they are promoters of modern food production and technology.

Exercise 1. Read, translate and retell the text.
Kyiv is the capital of Ukraine. It is a large political, industrial, scientific and cultural centre. It is the biggest city in Ukraine, its population is above 2.600.000 inhabitants.
Kyiv is situated on the Dnipro, the longest river in Ukraine. the city is well known for its picturesque green hills, parks and gardens and for its Khreshchatik Street - the main thoroughfare of the city.
Kyiv is a large industrial centre. Complex automatic lathes, excavators, sea and river ships, airliners, motorcycles, electric measuring instruments and many other goods are produced in Kyiv. New Metro lines are being built to connect industrial and new residential regions with the centre of the city.
Kyiv is also a large centre of science and national Ukrainian culture. the Academy of Sciences, many research institutes, universities, technical and vocational and hundreds of general secondary Schools, gymnasiums and lyceums are located in the city. the famous Kyiv Schevchenko Opera and Ballet House, the Kyiv Ivan Franko Drama theatre, the Lesya Ukrainka Russian Drama theatre and other theatres, museums, a lot of cinemas, clubs, hundreds of libraries are also there.
there are many monuments in Kyiv. Among them the monuments to B.Khmelnitsky, T.G.Shevchenko, A.Pushkin and many others can be seen in the city.
Speaking about Kyiv it is necessary to add that the city is famous also for its historical places. the city of Kyiv is one of the oldest cities of Europe. the history of Kyiv dates back to the end of the 5th century. And during a long period of time Kyiv was the Mother of Russian cities, the capital of the first old Russ state or Kievan Russ. Among the historical monuments of Kyiv one can enjoy the St. Sophia Cathedral, the Golden Gates, the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra.
Ancient, yet ever young, the city of Kyiv with its wonderful buildings, straight broad streets, numerous green parks, historical and architectural monuments will always be one of the most beautiful cities of the world.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Введение 3
1. Страдательный залог глаголов английского и украинского языков 4
1.1. Глагольная категория залога 4
1.2. Неглагольные способы выражения категории страдательного залога 12
1.3. Причины более частого употребления страдательного залога в английском языке, чем в украинском 18
2. Способы перевода пассивного залога 21
2.1. Способы перевода пассивного залога с английского на украинский 21
2.2. Грамматические трансформации, используемые при переводе страдательного залога 24
Заключение 29

CONTENTS
Introduction 2
1. Passive Voice of the English and Ukrainian Verbs 3
1.1. the Verbal Category of Voice 3
1.2. Substitutes for Passive 10
1.3. Reasons for More Frequent Occurrence of Passive Voice in English as Compared to Ukrainian 15
2. Ways of Translating Passive Voice 18
2.1. Ways of Translating Passive Voice from English into Ukrainian 18
2.2. grammar Transformations Used for Translating Passive Voice 21
Conclusion 25
Literature 27

1. Прочитайте текст, перекладіть усно українською мовою та дайте письмовий переклад 3 і 4 абзаців…………………………………………………………………….3
2. Доберіть до слів з тексту синоніми…………………………………………....3
3. Доповніть речення словами з тексту…………………………………………..4
4. Поставте 10 питань до тексту………………………………………………….4
5. Вставте потрібні займенники …………………………………………………4
6. Перефразуйте речення, вживаючи to have……………………………………4
7. Вставте замість крапок одне з поданих дієслів у формі Present Indefinite….4
8. Поставте речення в Future Indefinite ………………………………………….5
9. Вставте замість крапок одне з поданих дієслів у формі Past Indefinite.…….5
10. Поставте по 4 типи запитань до кожного речення………………………….5
Виконання …………………………………………………………………………6



1. Прочитайте текст, перекладіть усно українською мовою та дайте письмовий переклад 3 і 4 абзаців.
Cost Accounting
It is fairly easy to calculate the prime cost or direct cost of a manufactured article.
This is the sum of the direct costs of the raw materials or components that make up the product and the labour required to produce it, which, of course, vary directly with production. For example, if you produce 500 wooden doorknobs, each one requiring 100 grams of wood and taking the machine operator two minutes to make, you can easily calculate the direct cost. But to this have to be added all the factory’s overheads – rent or property taxes, electricity for lighting and heating, the price of the machine used, the maintenance department, the stores, the canteen, and so on.
there are also lots of other expenses of running a business that cannot be charged to any one product, process or department, and companies have to price their products in such a way as to cover their administration and selling expenses the finance department, the research and development department, and so on.
Various methods can be used to allocate all these expenses to the selling price of different products. One of these is job-order cost accounting, which involves establishing a price for an individual item or a particular batch (a quantity of goods assembled or manufactured together). This is impossible where production involves a continuous process as with steel, flour, or cement. In this case companies often use process cost accounting, which determines costs over a given period of time.
Finally, where a company does not want to calculate the price of specific orders or processes, it can use costing or absorption costing, which allocates all fixed and variable costs to the company’s products.

2. Доберіть до слів з тексту синоніми:
overhead, price, a particular batch, expense, charge, sum, vary, determine, allocate, product.

3. Доповніть речення словами з тексту:
- Manufactures have to find a way of … all fixed and … costs to their various products.
- they have to cover the factory’s …, and things like administration and selling …
- the direct cost of … and labor is easy to calculate.

4. Поставте 10 питань до тексту.

5. Вставте потрібні займенники.
1. If you give … address, … shall write to …
2. I know this woman. … works at the factory with my mother.
3. If I see Helen, I’ll ask … to ring … up tomorrow.
4. I like this radio set very much. Where did you buy … ?
5. You are to be here at 7. We’ll be waiting for … .

6. Перефразуйте речення, вживаючи to have.
1. the driver was obliged to stop the car.
2. the teacher was obliged to give him a “two”.
3. I’ll be obliged to expel you from the circle.
4. the woman was obliged to lock the door.
5. I was obliged to repeat my question.

7. Вставте замість крапок одне з поданих дієслів у формі Present Indefinite.
take, fly, live, spend, go, work, want, live, read, study
1. Her mother …. at a textile factory.
2. Many birds …. to the south in autumn.
3. Her parents … in a village.
4. My School-mates … to the theatre in the evening.
5. they … newspapers in the reading-room.

8. Поставте речення в Future Indefinite.
1. they have already discussed the novel.
2. He did not give me his address.
3. She showed him the way to the metro station.
4. He introduce me to his friend.
5. they are building a bridge over the river.

9. Вставте замість крапок одне з поданих дієслів у формі Past Indefinite.
dictate, like, be, have, know, be, go, watch, be come
1. She didn’t … to the University last week.
2. She … very tired yesterday.
3. they … no English classes yesterday.
4. He didn’t … TV last night.
5. She … married at that time.

10. Поставте по 4 типи запитань до кожного речення.
1. This designer works in our company.
2. Last year my elder brother worked in NBC.
3. the students of our unversity will take part an international competition next year.

Вступ 4
Розділ 1. Артикль як граматичне явище 8
1.1 До питання вивчення артиклю 8
1.2 Теорії, що вивчають артикль 14
1.3 Визначення статусу приналежності артикля до певної частини мови 24
1.4 Означений, неозначений та “нульовий” артикль 28
Розділ 2. Функції артиклів в тексті 34
2.1 Артиклі – засоби реалізації зв’язності тексту 34
2.2 Артикль – виразник логіко-суттєвих зв’язків в тексті 43
2.3 Артикль в системі засобів художньої виразності 51
Розділ 3. Передача артикля українською мовою 58
3.1 Поняття про граматичні трансформації. 58
3.2 Засоби перекладу артикля українською мовою 69
Загальні висновки 80
Список використаної літератури 83

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Ілюстративний матеріал
1. Bennett A. the Supreme Illusion. // White Stocking and Other Stories. M., 2001.
2. Bennett A. the Tight Hand // White Stocking and Other Stories. M., 2001.
3. Caldwell E. Trouble in July. New American Library, 1940.
4. Cheever J. the Swimmer. – On-line бібліотека www.lib.ru
5. Chesterton G.K. Manalive. – On-line Бібліотека Артефакт.
6. Chesterton G.K. the Shop of Ghosts. – On-line Бібліотека Артефакт.
7. Chesterton G.K. the Trees of Pride. – On-line Бібліотека Артефакт.
8. Fitzgerald F.S. the Great Gatsby. – Penguin Books.
9. Greene, Loser takes all. N.Y., 1977.
10. Greene G. the ministry of Fear. Harmonsworth, 1983.
11. Hemingway E. Big two-hearted river. // E.Hemingway. the Complete Short Stories. N.Y,.Charles Scribner'S Sons, 1987.
12. Joyce J. A Mother. // Joyce James. Dubliners. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. – M: Progress Publishers, 1982.
13. Joyce J. the Sisters. // Joyce James. Dubliners. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. – M: Progress Publishers, 1982.
14. Joyce J. A Painful Case. // Joyce James. Dubliners. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. – M: Progress Publishers, 1982.
15. Maugham W.S. Red. // Honeymoon and Other Stories by English Writers. M., 2001.
16. Shaw I. Evening in Byzantium. London, 1977.
17. Shaw I. Rich Man, Poor Man. London, 1984.
18. Wells D.G. the Invisible Man. Moscow, 1955.

I. Перепишіть і письмово перекладіть на українську мову речення.
1. 1 called every morning to see if there was any news.
2. We stopped to have a smoke.
3, He came here to speak to me, not to you.
4. the car, witch waiting at the door to take them to the station.
5. To explain the problem he drew diagrams all over the blackboard.–
6.the steamship "Dnipro" was chartered to carry a cargo of fierier frorri Kyiv to Hull.
7. Under clause 35 the charterers were to supply the steamer with icebreaker assistance to enable her to enter or to leave the port of loading.
8, To meet the increased demand for industrial goods, a great number of new shops have been opened in the towns and villages of Ukraine.
9. the first lot is ready for shipment, but to economize on freight we have decided to ship it together With the second lot
10 Please send us your instructions at once to enable us to ship the machines by the 20th May
II. Перепишіть і вставте, де це необхідно, частку to перед інфінітивом.
1. Не was seen leave the house. 2. We have come to ask whether there is anything we can do. ...
III. Перепишіть і перекладіть речення на англійську мову, вживаючи герундій.
1. У мене немає надії побачити його незабаром.
2. Думка (ідея) провести канікули на Волзі належить моєму брату.
3. Ви можете поліпшити свою вимову, читаючи вголос щодня....

IV. Перепишіть і перекладіть на українську мов речення, вкажіть форму дієприкметника та визначте його функцію в реченні.
1. the textile goods produced by the factory are in great demand.
2. He left the office at three o'clock, saying he would be back at five...

V. Перепишіть і перекладіть на англійську мову подані слова і словосполучення, щоб утворилися дієприкметники та дієприслівники.
той, хто купує
той, хто одержує
той, хто перекладає ...

VI. Перепишіть і перекладіть речення на українську мову,-звертаючи увагу на дієприкметники.
1. Saying that he left the room
2- Knowing nothing of the dangers we continued our way ...

VII. Перекладіть і перепишіть речення на англійську мову, 'звертаючи увагу на прислівник.
1. Я десь зустрічав його
2. Ви куди-небудь ходили учора ввечері? ...

VIII. Перепишіть речення і вставте замість крапок один із прийменників at, in, to, into, from, out of, by with, for, on, of та підкресліть його.
1. At the 1st.of August he arrived to Kyiv and was met on the station by his wife and his daughters. ...

IX. Прочитайте і усно перекладіть текст.
A product and price 1. PRICES IN the REAL ECONOMY
In a theoretical system of pure competition, no producer has control over the price of its product: all producers must accept the equilibrium price. If they charge a Higher price, they will ...

2. PRICE AND NONPRICE COMPETITION
Before the price of a product can be set, an organization must decide on what basis it will compete — on the basis of price or some other combination of factors. ...

X. Перепишіть і письмово перекладіть на українську мову слова та слово¬сполучення.
Equilibrium price
Profit
....
XI. Перепишіть і письмово перекладіть на англійську мову слова та словосполу¬чення.
Продукція
Виріб
Прибуток
....
XII. Перепишіть речення, вставляючи пропущені слова та словосполучення.
1. In a largely theoretical system of pure competition, no producer has control over the price of its product....

ХТП. Перепишіть і письмово перекладіть речення на англійську мову.
1. У системі чистої конкуренції жоден виробник не контролює ціну своєї продукції. –
2. Усі виробники повинні приймати середню ціну
...